{"id":29551,"date":"2021-11-29T09:09:16","date_gmt":"2021-11-29T06:09:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnenglish100.com\/grammar\/?p=29551"},"modified":"2021-12-10T13:00:23","modified_gmt":"2021-12-10T10:00:23","slug":"%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/learnenglish100.com\/grammar\/%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"
\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (Economic Terms) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (business English) \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 pdf \u0648doc\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0641\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0632\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n
\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629” \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0631\u062c\u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f Economy \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 Globalisation \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629”. \u0646\u0631\u062c\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a Gross Domestic Production
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a Gross National Product
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 Public Budgeting
\n\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 Fiscal Deficit
\n\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 Budget Surplus
\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0641 Austerity
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a Balance of Trade
\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 Supply and Demand
\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 Interest
\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 Simple Interest
\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u0629 Compound Interest
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a Foreign Exchange Reserves
\n\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a Gold Standard
\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 Black Market
\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 Duty Free Shops
\n\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 Market Price
\n\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 Market Based Economy
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a Macroeconomics
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a Microeconomics
\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 Inflation
\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a Domestic Debt
\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a External Debt
\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 Total Government Debt
\n\u0623\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 T-Bills
\n\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 T-Notes
\n\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 Growth Rate
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a Capitalism
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a Socialism
\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0635\u0629 Stock Exchange Market
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628 Initial Public Offering
\n\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 Currency Floating
\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a Credit Rating
\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f Recession
\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062f Depression
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 Deflation
\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 Financial Crisis
\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 Economic Crisis
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 Crude Oil
\n\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 Financial Risk Management<\/p>\n
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 Monopoly
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 Scarcity
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 Scarce Resources
\n\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f Resources Allocation
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 Human Resources
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 Natural Resources
\n\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 Capital
\n\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c Production Factors
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a Normative Economics
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a Mathematical Economy
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a Econometrics
\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 Income
\n\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 Wealth
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 Economic Systems
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 Optimal Choice
\n\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c Production Possibilities Curve \u201cPPC\u201d
\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 Efficiency
\n\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644\u0629 Unemployed Resources
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 Comparative Advantage
\n\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 Demand curve
\n\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0629 Complementary Goods
\n\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 Supply Curve
\n\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 Taxes
\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 Government Regulations
\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 Subsidy
\n\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 Market Equilibrium
\n\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0639\u0631\u0636 Excess Supply
\n\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0637\u0644\u0628 Excess Demand
\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 Black Market
\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064a Equilibrium Price
\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0629 Equilibrium quantity
\n\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 Price ceiling
\n\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 Consumption rationing
\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 Value added
\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a Households
\n\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 Indirect taxes
\n\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 Direct taxes
\n\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 Income taxes
\n\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639 – \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 Retained earnings
\n\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643.
\n\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 Monetary policy
\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 Potential output
\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 Durable goods
\n\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 Non-durable goods
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 Autonomous consumption
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b Induced consumption
\n\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 Consumption function
\n\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0631 Saving function
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 Marginal propensity to consume
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0631 Marginal propensity to save
\n\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 Average propensity to consume
\n\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0631 Average propensity to save
\n\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a Fixed capital formation
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a Economic recovery
\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632 Incentives
\n\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a Nominal interest rate
\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 Real interest rate
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 Macroeconomic distortions
\n\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 Recessionary gap
\n\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062f\/ \u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f Stagnation
\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0629 Inflationary gap<\/p>\n