Math Symbols in English: Unlocking the Language of Mathematics!

Embarking on a mathematical journey means becoming fluent in the unique language of mathematics – a language expressed through math symbols. These math symbols, universal and succinct, allow us to convey complex concepts clearly and efficiently. Let’s embark on this voyage of discovery and let’s get started learning about math symbols.

Math Symbols List

A math symbols list is a compilation of various math symbols used in mathematics to represent different mathematical operations, relationships, and concepts.

Read here below about math signs: 

Basic Math Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning/Definition Example
approximately equal approximation sin(0.01) ≈ 0.01,
x ≈ y means x is approximately equal to y
* asterisk multiplication 2 * 3 = 6
[ ] brackets calculate expression inside first [(1+2)×(1+5)] = 18
a^b caret exponent 2 ^ 3 = 8
3√a cube root 3√a ⋅ 3√a ⋅ 3√a = a 3√8 = 2
÷ division sign/obelus division 6 ÷ 2 = 3
/ division slash division 6 / 2 = 3
= equals sign equality 5 = 2+3
5 is equal to 2+3
4√a fourth root 4√a ⋅ 4√a ⋅ 4√a ⋅ 4√a = a 4√16 = ±2
horizontal line division/fraction
inequality less than or equal to 4 ≤ 5,
x ≤ y means x is less than or equal to y
inequality greater than or equal to 5 ≥ 4,
x ≥ y means x is greater than or equal to y
± minus – plus both minus and plus operations 3 ∓ 5 = -2 or 8
minus sign subtraction 2 − 1 = 1
mod modulo remainder calculation 7 mod 2 = 1
multiplication dot multiplication 2 ⋅ 3 = 6
n√a n-th root (radical) for n=3, n√8 = 2
not equal sign inequality 5 ≠ 4
5 is not equal to 4
( ) parentheses calculate expression inside first 2 × (3+5) = 16
ppb per-billion 1ppb = 1/1000000000 10ppb × 30 = 3×10-7
per-mille 1‰ = 1/1000 = 0.1% 10‰ × 30 = 0.3
ppm per-million 1ppm = 1/1000000 10ppm × 30 = 0.0003
ppt per-trillion 1ppt = 10-12 10ppt × 30 = 3×10-10
% percent 1% = 1/100 10% × 30 = 3
. period decimal point, decimal separator 2.56 = 2+56/100
± plus – minus both plus and minus operations 3 ± 5 = 8 or -2
+ plus sign addition 1 + 1 = 2
ab power exponent 23 = 8
√a square root √a ⋅ √a = a √9 = ±3
< strict inequality less than 4 < 5
4 is less than 5
> strict inequality greater than 5 > 4
5 is greater than 4
× times sign multiplication 2 × 3 = 6

Algebra Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning/Definition Example
[ ] brackets calculate expression inside first [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18
⌈x⌉ ceiling brackets rounds number to upper integer ⌈4.3⌉= 5
⌊x⌋ floor brackets rounds number to lower integer ⌊4.3⌋= 4
delta change / difference ∆t = t1 – t0
capital pi product – product of all values in range of series ∏ xi=x1∙x2∙…∙xn
sigma summation – sum of all values in range of series ∑ xi= x1+x2+…+xn
| x | vertical bars absolute value | -5 | = 5
much less than much less than 1 ≪ 1000000
much greater than much greater than 1000000 ≫ 1
~ approximately equal weak approximation 11 ~ 10
( ) parentheses calculate expression inside first 2 * (3+5) = 16
x! exclamation mark factorial 4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24
+ equals sign equality 5 = 2+3
5 is equal to 2+3
not equal sign inequality 5 ≠ 4
5 is not equal to 4
π pi constant π = 3.141592654…is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle c = π⋅d = 2⋅π⋅r
e e constant / Euler’s number e = 2.718281828… e = lim (1+1/x)x , x→∞
f (x) function of x maps values of x to f(x) f (x) = 3x+5
(f ∘g) function composition (f∘g) (x) = f (g(x)) f (x)=3x,g(x)=x-1⇒(f ∘g)(x)=3(x-1)
approximately equal approximation sin(0.01) ≈ 0.01
x x variable unknown value to find when 2x = 4, then x = 2
(a,b) open interval (a,b) = {x | a < x < b} x ∈ (2,6)
[a,b] closed interval [a,b] = {x | a ≤ x ≤ b} x ∈ [2,6]
proportional to proportional to y ∝ x when y = kx, k constant
∑∑ sigma double summation
:= equal by definition equal by definition
equal by definition equal by definition
φ golden ratio golden ratio constant
equivalence identical to
lemniscate infinity symbol
{ } braces set
γ Euler-Mascheroni constant γ = 0.5772156649…
discriminant Δ = b2 – 4ac

Probability and Statistics Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning/Definition Example
Bern(p) Bernoulli distribution
Bin(n,p) binomial distribution f (k) = nCk pk(1-p)n-k
χ 2(k) chi-square distribution f (x) = xk/2-1e-x/2 / ( 2k/2 Γ(k/2) )
E(X | Y) conditional expectation expected value of random variable X given Y E(X | Y=2) = 5
P(A | B) conditional probability function probability of event A given event B occured P(A | B) = 0.3
corr(X,Y) correlation correlation of random variables X and Y corr(X,Y) = 0.6
ρX,Y correlation correlation of random variables X and Y ρX,Y = 0.6
cov(X,Y) covariance covariance of random variables X and Y cov(X,Y) = 4
F(x) cumulative distribution function (cdf) F(x) = P(X≤ x)
X ~ distribution of X distribution of random variable X X ~ N(0,3)
∑∑ double summation double summation
E(X) expectation value expected value of random variable X E(X) = 10
exp(λ) exponential distribution f (x) = λe-λx , x≥0
F (k1, k2) F distribution
gamma(c, λ) gamma distribution f (x) = λ c xc-1e-λx / Γ(c), x≥0
Geom(p) geometric distribution f (k) = p(1-p) k
HG(N,K,n) hyper-geometric distribution
Q1 lower / first quartile 25% of population are below this value
median middle value of random variable x
Q2 median / second quartile 50% of population are below this value = median of samples
MR mid-range MR = (xmax+xmin)/2
Mo mode value that occurs most frequently in population
N(μ,σ2) normal distribution gaussian distribution X ~ N(0,3)
Poisson(λ) Poisson distribution f (k) = λke-λ / k!
μ population mean mean of population values μ = 10
f (x) probability density function (pdf) P(a ≤ x ≤ b) = ∫ f (x) dx
P(A) probability function probability of event A P(A) = 0.5
P(A ⋂ B) probability of events intersection probability that of events A and B P(A⋂B) = 0.5
P(A ⋃ B) probability of events union probability that of events A or B P(A⋃B) = 0.5
x sample mean average / arithmetic mean x = (2+5+9) / 3 = 5.333
Md sample median half the population is below this value
s sample standard deviation population samples standard deviation estimator s = 2
s 2 sample variance population samples variance estimator s 2 = 4
std(X) standard deviation standard deviation of random variable X std(X) = 2
σX standard deviation standard deviation value of random variable X σX = 2
zx standard score zx = (x-x) / sx
summation summation – sum of all values in range of series
U(a,b) uniform distribution equal probability in range a,b X ~ U(0,3)
Q3 upper / third quartile 75% of population are below this value
var(X) variance variance of random variable X var(X) = 4
σ2 variance variance of population values σ2 = 4
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Linear Algebra Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning/Definition Example
[ ] brackets matrix of numbers
× cross vector product a × b
| A | determinant determinant of matrix A
det(A) determinant determinant of matrix A
dim(U) dimension dimension of matrix A dim(U) = 3
· dot scalar product a · b
|| x || double vertical bars norm
A* Hermitian matrix matrix conjugate transpose (A*)ij = (A)ji
A† Hermitian matrix matrix conjugate transpose (A†)ij = (A)ji
〈x, y〉 inner product
A -1 inverse matrix A A-1 = I
rank(A) matrix rank rank of matrix A rank(A) = 3
( ) parentheses matrix of numbers
A⊗B tensor product tensor product of A and B A ⊗ B
AT transpose matrix transpose (AT)ij = (A)ji

Geometry Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning/Definition Example
angle formed by two rays ∠ABC = 30°
congruent to equivalence of geometric shapes and size ∆ABC≅ ∆XYZ
° degree 1 turn = 360° α = 60°
deg degree 1 turn = 360deg α = 60deg
|x-y| distance distance between points x and y | x-y | = 5
double prime arcsecond, 1′ = 60″ α = 60°59′59″
grad gradians/gons grads angle unit 360° = 400 grad
g gradians/gons grads angle unit 360° = 400 g
line infinite line
AB line segment line from point A to point B
measured angle ∡ ABC = 30°
parallel parallel lines AB ∥ CD
perpendicular perpendicular lines (90° angle) AC ⊥ BC
π pi constant π = 3.141592654…is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle c = π⋅d = 2⋅π⋅r
prime arcminute, 1° = 60′ α = 60°59′
rad radians radians angle unit 360° = 2π rad
c radians radians angle unit 360° = 2π c
right angle = 90° α = 90°
~ similarity same shapes, not same size ∆ABC~ ∆XYZ
spherical angle ∢ AOB = 30°
Δ triangle triangle shape ΔABC≅ ΔBCD

Combinatorics Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning/Definition Example
nCr Combinations Number of combinations of ‘n’ objects taken ‘r’ at a time 5C2 = 5! / (2! × (5 – 2)!) = 10
n! Factorial Product of all positive integers up to ‘n’ 5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120
nPr permutation Number of permutations of ‘n’ objects taken ‘r’ at a time 5P2 = 5! / (5 – 2)! = 5 × 4 = 20

Logic Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning/Definition Example
& ampersand and x & y
and and x ⋅ y
x bar not – negation x
because / since
^ caret / circumflex and x ^ y
circled plus / oplus exclusive or – xor x ⊕ y
equivalent if and only if (iff)
equivalent if and only if (iff)
! exclamation mark not – negation ! x
for all
implies
¬ not not – negation ¬ x
+ plus or x + y
reversed caret or x ∨ y
x’ single quote not – negation x’
there does not exists
there exists
therefore
~ tilde negation ~ x
| vertical line or x | y

Set Theory Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning/Definition Example
ℵ0 aleph-null infinite cardinality of natural numbers set
ℵ1 aleph-one cardinality of countable ordinal numbers set
|A| cardinality the number of elements of set A A={3,9,14}, |A|=3
#A cardinality the number of elements of set A A={3,9,14}, #A=3
A×B cartesian product set of all ordered pairs from A and B A×B = {(a,b)|a∈A , b∈B}
Ac complement all the objects that do not belong to set A
a∈A element of,
belongs to
set membership A={3,9,14}, 3 ∈ A
Ø empty set Ø = { } C = {Ø}
A = B equality both sets have the same members A={3,9,14},
B={3,9,14},
A=B
A ∩ B intersection objects that belong to set A and set B A ∩ B = {9,14}
natural numbers / whole numbers set (with zero) 0 = {0,1,2,3,4,…} 0 ∈ 0
1 natural numbers / whole numbers set (without zero) 1 = {1,2,3,4,5,…} 6 ∈ 1
x∉A not element of no set membership A={3,9,14}, 1 ∉ A
A ⊄ B not subset set A is not a subset of set B {9,66} ⊄ {9,14,28}
A ⊅ B not superset set A is not a superset of set B {9,14,28} ⊅ {9,66}
(a,b) ordered pair collection of 2 elements
2A power set all subsets of A
P (A) power set all subsets of A
A ⊂ B proper subset / strict subset A is a subset of B, but A is not equal to B. {9,14} ⊂ {9,14,28}
A ⊃ B proper superset / strict superset A is a superset of B, but B is not equal to A. {9,14,28} ⊃ {9,14}
A \ B relative complement objects that belong to A and not to B A = {3,9,14},
B = {1,2,3},
A-B = {9,14}
A – B relative complement objects that belong to A and not to B A = {3,9,14},
B = {1,2,3},
A-B = {9,14}
{ } set a collection of elements A = {3,7,9,14},
B = {9,14,28}
A ⊆ B subset A is a subset of B. set A is included in set B. {9,14,28} ⊆ {9,14,28}
A ⊇ B superset A is a superset of B. set A includes set B {9,14,28} ⊇ {9,14,28}
A ∆ B symmetric difference objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection A = {3,9,14},
B = {1,2,3},
A ∆ B = {1,2,9,14}
A ⊖ B symmetric difference objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection A = {3,9,14},
B = {1,2,3},
A ⊖ B = {1,2,9,14}
A ∪ B union objects that belong to set A or set B A ∪ B = {3,7,9,14,28}
U universal set set of all possible values
| vertical bar such that A={x|3<x<14}
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Numeral Symbols

Name Western Arabic Roman Eastern Arabic Hebrew
zero ٠
one 1 I ١ א
two 2 II ٢ ב
three 3 III ٣ ג
four 4 IV ٤ ד
five 5 V ٥ ה
six 6 VI ٦ ו
seven 7 VII ٧ ז
eight 8 VIII ٨ ח
nine 9 IX ٩ ט
ten 10 X ١٠ י
eleven 11 XI ١١ יא
twelve 12 XII ١٢ יב
thirteen 13 XIII ١٣ יג
fourteen 14 XIV ١٤ יד
fifteen 15 XV ١٥ טו
sixteen 16 XVI ١٦ טז
seventeen 17 XVII ١٧ יז
eighteen 18 XVIII ١٨ יח
nineteen 19 XIX ١٩ יט
twenty 20 XX ٢٠ כ
thirty 30 XXX ٣٠ ל
forty 40 XL ٤٠ מ
fifty 50 L ٥٠ נ
sixty 60 LX ٦٠ ס
seventy 70 LXX ٧٠ ע
eighty 80 LXXX ٨٠ פ
ninety 90 XC ٩٠ צ
one hundred 100 C ١٠٠ ק

Calculus & Analysis Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning/Definition Example
| z | absolute value/magnitude of a complex number |z| = |a+bi| = √(a2+b2) |3 – 2i| = √13
arg(z) argument of a complex number The angle of the radius in the complex plane arg(3 + 2i) = 33.7°
closed contour/line integral
[a,b] closed interval [a,b] = {x | a ≤ x ≤ b}
closed surface integral
closed volume integral
z* complex conjugate z = a+bi → z*=a-bi z* = 3 – 2i
z complex conjugate z = a+bi → z = a-bi z = 3 – 2i
x * y convolution y(t) = x(t) * h(t)
δ delta function
y ‘ derivative derivative – Lagrange’s notation (3×3)’ = 9×2
derivative derivative – Leibniz’s notation d(3×3)/dx = 9×2
Dx y derivative derivative – Euler’s notation
∫∫ double integral integration of function of 2 variables ∫∫ f(x,y)dxdy
e e constant / Euler’s number e = 2.718281828… e = lim (1+1/x)x , x→∞
ε epsilon represents a very small number, near zero ε → 0
Fourier transform X(ω) = {f (t)}
Im(z) imaginary part of a complex number z = a+bi → Im(z)=b Im(3 – 2i) = -2
i imaginary unit i ≡ √-1 z = 3 + 2i
integral opposite to derivation ∫ f(x)dx
Laplace transform F(s) = {f (t)}
lemniscate infinity symbol
limit limit value of a function
nabla/del gradient/divergence operator ∇f (x,y,z)
y(n) nth derivative n times derivation (3×3)(3) = 18
nth derivative n times derivation
(a,b) open interval (a,b) = {x | a < x < b}
Re(z) real part of a complex number z = a+bi → Re(z)=a Re(3 – 2i) = 3
y ” second derivative derivative of derivative (3×3)” = 18x
Dx2y second derivative derivative of derivative
∫∫∫ triple integral integration of function of 3 variables ∫∫∫ f(x,y,z)dxdydz
ˆx unit vector

Roman Numerals

Number Roman numeral
not defined
1 I
2 II
3 III
4 IV
5 V
6 VI
7 VII
8 VIII
9 IX
10 X
11 XI
12 XII
13 XIII
14 XIV
15 XV
16 XVI
17 XVII
18 XVIII
19 XIX
20 XX
30 XXX
40 XL
50 L
60 LX
70 LXX
80 LXXX
90 XC
100 C
200 CC
300 CCC
400 CD
500 D
600 DC
700 DCC
800 DCCC
900 CM
1000 M
5000 V
10000 X
50000 L
100000 C
500000 D
1000000 M

Greek Alphabet Letters

Upper Case Letter Lower Case Letter Greek Letter Name English Equivalent Letter Name Pronounce
Α α Alpha a al-fa
Β β Beta b be-ta
Χ χ Chi ch kh-ee
Δ δ Delta d del-ta
Ε ε Epsilon e ep-si-lon
Η η Eta h eh-ta
Γ γ Gamma g ga-ma
Ι ι Iota i io-ta
Κ κ Kappa k ka-pa
Λ λ Lambda l lam-da
Μ μ Mu m m-yoo
Ν ν Nu n noo
Ω ω Omega o o-me-ga
Ο ο Omicron o o-mee-c-ron
Φ φ Phi ph f-ee
Π π Pi p pa-yee
Ψ ψ Psi ps p-see
Ρ ρ Rho r row
Σ σ Sigma s sig-ma
Τ τ Tau t ta-oo
Θ θ Theta th te-ta
Υ υ Upsilon u oo-psi-lon
Ξ ξ Xi x x-ee
Ζ ζ Zeta z ze-ta

Importance of math signs

The following are some important points about math symbols:

– Math signs are important for conveying precise meaning and clarity in mathematical equations and expressions.

– Math signs help to indicate the operations to be performed, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

– Math signs enable us to differentiate between positive and negative numbers, which is crucial for understanding concepts like integers and coordinate systems.

– Math signs play a vital role in determining the order of operations, ensuring that calculations are done correctly and consistently according to mathematical rules.

The basic mathematical symbols used in Maths help us to work with mathematical concepts in a theoretical manner. In simple words, without symbols, we cannot do maths. The mathematical signs and symbols are considered as representative of the value. The basic symbols in maths are used to express mathematical thoughts. 1

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FAQ about math symbols:

What is mathematical symbols called in English?

Mathematical symbols are called “symbols” in English. These symbols are used to represent mathematical operations, quantities, relationships, and functions. Examples of common mathematical symbols include:

“+” (plus sign)
“-” (minus sign)
“×” (multiplication sign)
“÷” (division sign)
“=” (equals sign)
“<” (less than)
“>” (greater than)
“≤” (less than or equal to)
“≥” (greater than or equal to)
“√” (square root symbol)
“π” (pi symbol)
“∑” (summation symbol)
“∫” (integral symbol)
“%” (percent symbol)
“^” (exponentiation symbol)
These symbols play a crucial role in mathematical notation and are used to express mathematical concepts and relationships concisely.

What are the symbols of mathematics?

Below are some math symbols:

– Numbers (0, 1, 2, 3…)

– Operations symbols (+, -, ×, ÷)

– Equality symbol (=)

– Mathematical symbols (π, √, ∞)

What is ⨂ in math symbols?

⨂ is a symbol that represents the direct sum or disjoint union in mathematics. It is used to combine two or more mathematical structures into a larger structure.

In set theory, ⨂ is used to denote the disjoint union of sets. For example, if A and B are two sets, then A ⨂ B represents the set of all pairs (a, b) where a is an element of A and b is an element of B.

In linear algebra, ⨂ represents the tensor product of two vector spaces. It is a way of combining vectors from two different vector spaces to create a new vector space.

Overall, ⨂ is a versatile symbol used in different branches of mathematics to denote the combination or union of mathematical structures.

What is the ⪯ symbol?

The ⪯ symbol is a mathematical symbol that represents the “precedes or is equal to” relationship. It is used to denote that one value or object comes before or is equal to another value or object in a certain order or sequence. This symbol is commonly used in mathematical equations and proofs to express relationships between different variables or elements.

What is ∑?

The symbol “∑” represents summation in mathematics. It is called the summation symbol or sigma notation.

When used in mathematical expressions, the symbol “∑” indicates that a series of terms are to be added together. The notation typically appears as follows:

∑ (expression)

Here, “expression” represents the formula or expression to be summed, and the symbol “∑” signifies that the terms are to be added together.

For example, the expression “∑(n)” represents the sum of all natural numbers from 1 to n, where “n” is a positive integer. The notation can also include specified ranges or conditions for the summation.

Overall, the summation symbol is a powerful tool in mathematics for succinctly representing the addition of a series of terms.

What is ∈ in math symbols?

∈ is a symbol used in mathematics to represent “belongs to” or “is an element of”. It is commonly used to indicate that a certain object or value is a member of a set. For example, if we have a set A = {1, 2, 3}, we can say that 2 ∈ A, meaning that 2 is an element of the set A.

Similarly, if we have a set B = {apple, banana, orange}, we can say that apple ∈ B, indicating that apple is a member of the set B. The symbol ∈ is often used in set theory and mathematical logic to express membership or inclusion.

What does ⇔ mean in math?

In mathematics, the symbol “⇔” represents a bidirectional or biconditional relationship between two statements or expressions. It is called the “if and only if” symbol or the “double arrow” symbol.

When used in mathematical expressions or logical statements, the symbol “⇔” indicates that the statements on either side of the symbol are equivalent or have the same truth value. This means that if one statement is true, the other is also true, and if one statement is false, the other is also false.

For example, the statement “x = 3 ⇔ x + 2 = 5” means “x is equal to 3 if and only if x plus 2 is equal to 5.” This implies that if x equals 3, then x plus 2 equals 5, and if x plus 2 equals 5, then x equals 3.

Similarly, in logic, the statement “p ⇔ q” means “p is true if and only if q is true,” indicating that the truth values of p and q are the same.

Overall, the “⇔” symbol is used to denote a strong logical equivalence between two statements or expressions.

To conclude, mastering the language of mathematics, or in other words math symbols, is a stepping stone to deeper understanding and exploration of the mathematical world. We hope this guide serves as a handy reference during your mathematical endeavors.

Hope you got all the needed information about math symbols.

References:

  1. Admin. (2023, May 4). Math Symbols | All Mathematical Symbols with Examples. BYJUS.